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From the clearing layer

Analysis of the AI knowledge economy

The rules, standards, and infrastructure forming around AI training and inference — and what they mean for rights holders and AI builders.

The Clearing Layer

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Physical AI

There is no Common Crawl for the physical world

Generative AI was built on data that already existed — the text written, the photographs taken, long before anyone thought to train on any of it. The data physical AI needs mostly does not exist yet, and has to be deliberately produced at real cost. That reframes the whole compensation argument: licensing is not a tax on model training, it is the supply chain of physical AI.

Carl Gunell · July 21, 2026 · 6 min read

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Regulation

Two weeks from now, AI licensing stops being optional in Europe

On August 2, 2026, the EU AI Office gains enforcement powers over general-purpose AI: documentation demands, model evaluation, market withdrawal, and fines up to €15M or 3% of global revenue. The obligations have been law since 2025 — now they get teeth. What that means for AI companies and rights holders, including American ones.

Carl Gunell · July 19, 2026 · 6 min read

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Regulation

The world’s largest internet market just rewrote the rules for data — and put an end to free AI training

India's DPDP Act is now operational and consent-first. Its AI Governance Guidelines chose a techno-legal path built on provenance standards. And a government copyright working paper rejected free text-and-data mining as a zero-price license — proposing compensated training instead. The direction of travel: AI training as a licensable event.

Carl Gunell · July 19, 2026 · 7 min read

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